PHP Cookbook

Larger Cover

PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition

By Adam Trachtenberg, David Sklar

Publisher: O'Reilly Media

Released: August 2006

Pages: 812

Chapter 1 Strings
1. Introduction
2. Accessing Substrings
3. Extracting Substrings
4. Replacing Substrings
5. Processing a String One Byte at a Time
6. Reversing a String by Word or Byte
7. Expanding and Compressing Tabs
8. Controlling Case
9. Interpolating Functions and Expressions Within Strings
10. Trimming Blanks from a String
11. Generating Comma-Separated Data
12. Parsing Comma-Separated Data
13. Generating Fixed-Width Field Data Records
14. Parsing Fixed-Width Field Data Records
15. Taking Strings Apart
16. Wrapping Text at a Certain Line Length
17. Storing Binary Data in Strings
18. Program: Downloadable CSV File
Chapter 2 Numbers
1. Introduction
2. Checking Whether a Variable Contains a Valid Number
3. Comparing Floating-Point Numbers
4. Rounding Floating-Point Numbers
5. Operating on a Series of Integers
6. Generating Random Numbers Within a Range
7. Generating Biased Random Numbers
8. Taking Logarithms
9. Calculating Exponents
10. Formatting Numbers
11. Formatting Monetary Values
12. Printing Correct Plurals
13. Calculating Trigonometric Functions
14. Doing Trigonometry in Degrees, Not Radians
15. Handling Very Large or Very Small Numbers
16. Converting Between Bases
17. Calculating Using Numbers in Bases Other Than Decimal
18. Finding the Distance Between Two Places
Chapter 3 Dates and Times
1. Introduction
2. Finding the Current Date and Time
3. Converting Time and Date Parts to an Epoch Timestamp
4. Converting an Epoch Timestamp to Time and Date Parts
5. Printing a Date or Time in a Specified Format
6. Finding the Difference of Two Dates
7. Finding the Difference of Two Dates with Julian Days
8. Finding the Day in a Week, Month, or Year
9. Validating a Date
10. Parsing Dates and Times from Strings
11. Adding to or Subtracting from a Date
12. Calculating Time with Time Zones
13. Accounting for Daylight Savings Time
14. Generating a High-Precision Time
15. Generating Time Ranges
16. Using Non-Gregorian Calendars
17. Using Dates Outside the Range of an Epoch Timestamp
18. Program: Calendar
Chapter 4 Arrays
1. Introduction
2. Specifying an Array Not Beginning at Element 0
3. Storing Multiple Elements Per Key in an Array
4. Initializing an Array to a Range of Integers
5. Iterating Through an Array
6. Deleting Elements from an Array
7. Changing Array Size
8. Appending One Array to Another
9. Turning an Array into a String
10. Printing an Array with Commas
11. Checking if a Key Is in an Array
12. Checking if an Element Is in an Array
13. Finding the Position of a Value in an Array
14. Finding Elements That Pass a Certain Test
15. Finding the Largest or Smallest Valued Element in an Array
16. Reversing an Array
17. Sorting an Array
18. Sorting an Array by a Computable Field
19. Sorting Multiple Arrays
20. Sorting an Array Using a Method Instead of a Function
21. Randomizing an Array
22. Removing Duplicate Elements from an Array
23. Applying a Function to Each Element in an Array
24. Finding the Union, Intersection, or Difference of Two Arrays
25. Making an Object Act like an Array
26. Program: Printing a Horizontally Columned HTML Table
Chapter 5 Variables
1. Introduction
2. Avoiding == Versus = Confusion
3. Establishing a Default Value
4. Exchanging Values Without Using Temporary Variables
5. Creating a Dynamic Variable Name
6. Using Static Variables
7. Sharing Variables Between Processes
8. Encapsulating Complex Data Types in a String
9. Dumping Variable Contents as Strings
Chapter 6 Functions
1. Introduction
2. Accessing Function Parameters
3. Setting Default Values for Function Parameters
4. Passing Values by Reference
5. Using Named Parameters
6. Creating Functions That Take a Variable Number of Arguments
7. Returning Values by Reference
8. Returning More Than One Value
9. Skipping Selected Return Values
10. Returning Failure
11. Calling Variable Functions
12. Accessing a Global Variable Inside a Function
13. Creating Dynamic Functions
Chapter 7 Classes and Objects
1. Introduction
2. Instantiating Objects
3. Defining Object Constructors
4. Defining Object Destructors
5. Implementing Access Control
6. Preventing Changes to Classes and Methods
7. Defining Object Stringification
8. Specifying Interfaces
9. Creating Abstract Base Classes
10. Assigning Object References
11. Cloning Objects
12. Overriding Property Accesses
13. Calling Methods on an Object Returned by Another Method
14. Aggregating Objects
15. Accessing Overridden Methods
16. Using Method Polymorphism
17. Defining Class Constants
18. Defining Static Properties and Methods
19. Controlling Object Serialization
20. Introspecting Objects
21. Checking if an Object Is an Instance of a Specific Class
22. Autoloading Class Files upon Object Instantiation
23. Instantiating an Object Dynamically
24. Program: whereis
Chapter 8 Web Basics
1. Introduction
2. Setting Cookies
3. Reading Cookie Values
4. Deleting Cookies
5. Redirecting to a Different Location
6. Detecting Different Browsers
7. Building a Query String
8. Reading the Post Request Body
9. Generating HTML Tables with Alternating Row Styles
10. Using HTTP Basic or Digest Authentication
11. Using Cookie Authentication
12. Flushing Output to the Browser
13. Buffering Output to the Browser
14. Compressing Web Output
15. Reading Environment Variables
16. Setting Environment Variables
17. Communicating Within Apache
18. Program: Web Site Account (De)activator
19. Program: Tiny Wiki
Chapter 9 Form
1. Introduction
2. Processing Form Input
3. Validating Form Input: Required Fields
4. Validating Form Input: Numbers
5. Validating Form Input: Email Addresses
6. Validating Form Input: Drop-Down Menus
7. Validating Form Input: Radio Buttons
8. Validating Form Input: Checkboxes
9. Validating Form Input: Dates and Times
10. Validating Form Input: Credit Cards
11. Preventing Cross-Site Scripting
12. Working with Multipage Forms
13. Redisplaying Forms with Inline Error Messages
14. Guarding Against Multiple Submission of the Same Form
15. Processing Uploaded Files
16. Preventing Global Variable Injection
17. Handling Remote Variables with Periods in Their Names
18. Using Form Elements with Multiple Options
19. Creating Drop-Down Menus Based on the Current Date
Chapter 10 Database Access
1. Introduction
2. Using DBM Databases
3. Using an SQLite Database
4. Connecting to an SQL Database
5. Querying an SQL Database
6. Retrieving Rows Without a Loop
7. Modifying Data in an SQL Database
8. Repeating Queries Efficiently
9. Finding the Number of Rows Returned by a Query
10. Escaping Quotes
11. Logging Debugging Information and Errors
12. Creating Unique Identifiers
13. Building Queries Programmatically
14. Making Paginated Links for a Series of Records
15. Caching Queries and Results
16. Accessing a Database Connection Anywhere in Your Program
17. Program: Storing a Threaded Message Board
Chapter 11 Sessions and Data Persistence
1. Introduction
2. Using Session Tracking
3. Preventing Session Hijacking
4. Preventing Session Fixation
5. Storing Sessions in a Database
6. Storing Sessions in Shared Memory
7. Storing Arbitrary Data in Shared Memory
8. Caching Calculated Results in Summary Tables
Chapter 12 XML
1. Introduction
2. Generating XML as a String
3. Generating XML with the DOM
4. Parsing Basic XML Documents
5. Parsing Complex XML Documents
6. Parsing Large XML Documents
7. Extracting Information Using XPath
8. Transforming XML with XSLT
9. Setting XSLT Parameters from PHP
10. Calling PHP Functions from XSLT Stylesheets
11. Validating XML Documents
12. Handling Content Encoding
13. Reading RSS and Atom Feeds
14. Writing RSS Feeds
15. Writing Atom Feeds
Chapter 13 Web Automation
1. Introduction
2. Fetching a URL with the Get Method
3. Fetching a URL with the Post Method
4. Fetching a URL with Cookies
5. Fetching a URL with Arbitrary Headers
6. Fetching a URL with an Arbitrary Method
7. Fetching a URL with a Timeout
8. Fetching an HTTPS URL
9. Debugging the Raw HTTP Exchange
10. Marking Up a Web Page
11. Cleaning Up Broken or Nonstandard HTML
12. Extracting Links from an HTML File
13. Converting Plain Text to HTML
14. Converting HTML to Plain Text
15. Removing HTML and PHP Tags
16. Responding to an Ajax Request
17. Integrating with JavaScript
18. Program: Finding Stale Links
19. Program: Finding Fresh Links
Chapter 14 Consuming Web Services
1. Introduction
2. Calling a REST Method
3. Calling a SOAP Method with WSDL
4. Calling a SOAP Method Without WSDL
5. Debugging SOAP Requests
6. Using Complex SOAP Types
7. Setting SOAP Types
8. Using SOAP Headers
9. Using Authentication with SOAP
10. Redefining an Endpoint
11. Catching SOAP Faults
12. Mapping XML Schema Data Types to PHP Classes
13. Calling an XML-RPC Method
14. Using Authentication with XML-RPC
Chapter 15 Building Web Services
1. Introduction
2. Serving a REST Method
3. Serving a SOAP Method
4. Accepting Arguments in a SOAP Method
5. Generating WSDL Automatically
6. Throwing SOAP Faults
7. Processing a SOAP Header
8. Generating a SOAP Header
9. Using Authentication with SOAP
10. Serving an XML-RPC Method
Chapter 16 Internet Services
1. Introduction
2. Sending Mail
3. Sending MIME Mail
4. Reading Mail with IMAP or POP3
5. Posting Messages to Usenet Newsgroups
6. Reading Usenet News Messages
7. Getting and Putting Files with FTP
8. Looking Up Addresses with LDAP
9. Using LDAP for User Authentication
10. Performing DNS Lookups
11. Checking if a Host Is Alive
12. Getting Information About a Domain Name
Chapter 17 Graphics
1. Introduction
2. Drawing Lines, Rectangles, and Polygons
3. Drawing Arcs, Ellipses, and Circles
4. Drawing with Patterned Lines
5. Drawing Text
6. Drawing Centered Text
7. Building Dynamic Images
8. Getting and Setting a Transparent Color
9. Reading EXIF Data
10. Serving Images Securely
11. Program: Generating Bar Charts from Poll Results
Chapter 18 Security and Encryption
1. Introduction
2. Preventing Session Fixation
3. Protecting Against Form Spoofing
4. Ensuring Input Is Filtered
5. Avoiding Cross-Site Scripting
6. Eliminating SQL Injection
7. Keeping Passwords Out of Your Site Files
8. Storing Passwords
9. Dealing with Lost Passwords
10. Verifying Data with Hashes
11. Encrypting and Decrypting Data
12. Storing Encrypted Data in a File or Database
13. Sharing Encrypted Data with Another Web Site
14. Detecting SSL
15. Encrypting Email with GPG
Chapter 19 Internationalization and Localization
1. Introduction
2. Listing Available Locales
3. Using a Particular Locale
4. Setting the Default Locale
5. Localizing Text Messages
6. Localizing Dates and Times
7. Localizing Currency Values
8. Localizing Images
9. Localizing Included Files
10. Managing Localization Resources
11. Using gettext
12. Setting the Character Encoding of Outgoing Data
13. Setting the Character Encoding of Incoming Data
14. Manipulating UTF-8 Text
Chapter 20 Error Handling, Debugging, and Testing
1. Introduction
2. Finding and Fixing Parse Errors
3. Creating Your Own Exception Classes
4. Printing a Stack Trace
5. Reading Configuration Variables
6. Setting Configuration Variables
7. Hiding Error Messages from Users
8. Tuning Error Handling
9. Using a Custom Error Handler
10. Logging Errors
11. Eliminating “headers already sent” Errors
12. Logging Debugging Information
13. Using a Debugger Extension
14. Writing a Unit Test
15. Writing a Unit Test Suite
16. Applying a Unit Test to a Web Page
17. Setting Up a Test Environment
Chapter 21 Performance Tuning and Load Testing
1. Introduction
2. Timing Function Execution
3. Timing Program Execution
4. Profiling with a Debugger Extension
5. Stress Testing Your Web Site
6. Avoiding Regular Expressions
7. Using an Accelerator
Chapter 22 Regular Expressions
1. Introduction
2. Switching from ereg to preg
3. Matching Words
4. Finding the nth Occurrence of a Match
5. Choosing Greedy or Nongreedy Matches
6. Finding All Lines in a File That Match a Pattern
7. Capturing Text Inside HTML Tags
8. Preventing Parentheses from Capturing Text
9. Escaping Special Characters in a Regular Expression
10. Reading Records with a Pattern Separator
11. Using a PHP Function in a Regular Expression
Chapter 23 Files
1. Introduction
2. Creating or Opening a Local File
3. Creating a Temporary File
4. Opening a Remote File
5. Reading from Standard Input
6. Reading a File into a String
7. Counting Lines, Paragraphs, or Records in a File
8. Processing Every Word in a File
9. Picking a Random Line from a File
10. Randomizing All Lines in a File
11. Processing Variable-Length Text Fields
12. Reading Configuration Files
13. Modifying a File in Place Without a Temporary File
14. Flushing Output to a File
15. Writing to Standard Output
16. Writing to Many Filehandles Simultaneously
17. Escaping Shell Metacharacters
18. Passing Input to a Program
19. Reading Standard Output from a Program
20. Reading Standard Error from a Program
21. Locking a File
22. Reading and Writing Custom File Types
23. Reading and Writing Compressed Files
Chapter 24 Directories
1. Introduction
2. Getting and Setting File Timestamps
3. Getting File Information
4. Changing File Permissions or Ownership
5. Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts
6. Deleting a File
7. Copying or Moving a File
8. Processing All Files in a Directory
9. Getting a List of Filenames Matching a Pattern
10. Processing All Files in a Directory Recursively
11. Making New Directories
12. Removing a Directory and Its Contents
13. Program: Web Server Directory Listing
14. Program: Site Search
Chapter 25 Command-Line PHP
1. Introduction
2. Parsing Program Arguments
3. Parsing Program Arguments with getopt
4. Reading from the Keyboard
5. Running PHP Code on Every Line of an Input File
6. Reading Passwords
7. Program: Command Shell
Chapter 26 PEAR and PECL
1. Introduction
2. Using the PEAR Installer
3. Finding PEAR Packages
4. Finding Information About a Package
5. Installing PEAR Packages
6. Upgrading PEAR Packages
7. Uninstalling PEAR Packages
8. Installing PECL Packages

Colophon

Title:

PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition

By:

Adam Trachtenberg, David Sklar

Publisher:

O'Reilly Media

Formats:

Print
Ebook
Safari Books Online

Print:

August 2006

Ebook:

June 2009

Pages:

812

Print ISBN:

978-0-596-10101-5

| ISBN 10:

0-596-10101-5

Ebook ISBN:

978-0-596-15850-7

| ISBN 10:

0-596-15850-5

Adam Trachtenberg

Adam Trachtenberg is the Director of Platform and Services for eBay and is the author of two O'Reilly books, Upgrading to PHP 5 and PHP Cookbook.

Adam has an MBA from Columbia Business School. While there, he focused on general management and operations, with an emphasis on the field of technology. Adam also has a BA from Columbia University. As an undergraduate he majored in mathematics, and his other studies included computer science and Chinese.

Before returning to school, he cofounded and served as vice president for development at two companies, Student.Com and TVGrid.Com. At both firms, he led the front- and middle-end web site design and development, worked on corporate planning and strategy, and served as liaison between the product and marketing teams.

View Adam Trachtenberg's full profile page.
David Sklar

David Sklar is an independent consultant specializing in software development, strategic planning, and technical training. He was a co-founder and the Chief Technology Officer of Student.Com and TVGrid.Com. At both companies, David oversaw the architecture and development of varied systems to deliver personalized dynamic content to users around the world.

After discovering PHP as a solution to his web programming needs in 1996, he created the PX (http://px.sklar.com/), which enables PHP users to exchange programs. Since then, he has continued to rely on PHP for personal and professional projects. He is the author of O'Reilly's Learning PHP 5, Essential PHP Tools (Apress) and the coauthor of PHP Cookbook (O'Reilly).

When away from the computer, David eats mini-donuts, plays records, and likes to cook. He lives in New York City and has a degree in Computer Science from Yale University.

View David Sklar's full profile page.

Colophon

Our look is the result of reader comments, our own experimentation, and feedback from distribution channels. Distinctive covers complement our distinctive approach to technical topics, breathing personality and life into potentially dry subjects.

The animal on the cover of PHP Cookbook, Second Edition, is a Galapagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus). Once abundant in the Galapagos Islands, this iguana proved tasty to the settlers of the early 1800s, and domestic animals later introduced on the islands played further havoc with the reptile's home and food supply. Today there are no iguanas left on Santiago Island and very few left on the other islands.

Distantly related to the green iguana of the South American continent, Galapagos land iguanas can be over three feet long, with males weighing up to 30 pounds. Their tough, scaly skin is yellow with scattered patches of white, black, brown, and rust. These lizards resemble mythical creatures of the past-dragons with long tails, clawed feet, and spiny crests. In reality, however, they are harmless.

Land iguanas live in the drier areas of the islands and in the morning are found basking in the sun. During midday, however, they seek the shade of cactus, rocks, and trees. To conserve body heat at night, they sleep in burrows dug in the ground.

These reptiles are omnivores, but they generally depend on low-growing plants and shrubs, as well as the fallen fruits and pads of cactus trees. These plants provide most of the moisture they need; however, they will drink fresh water whenever it's available.

Depending on their size, land iguanas reach maturity between 8 and 15 years of age. They congregate and mate during specific periods, which vary from island to island. The females then migrate to suitable areas to nest. After digging a burrow, the female lays 2 to 20 eggs in the nest. She then defends the covered nest site to prevent other females from nesting in the same spot.

Young iguanas hatch 85 to 110 days later and take about a week to dig their way out of the nest. Normally, if hatchlings survive the first year when food is often scarce and native predators such as hawks, egrets, herons, and snakes are a danger, they can live for more than 60 years. In reality, predation by feral cats is far worse because the young must survive and grow for at least three to four years before becoming large enough that cats can't kill them.

The cover image is a 19th-century engraving from the Dover Pictorial Archive. The cover font is Adobe ITC Garamond. The text font is Linotype Birka; the heading font is Adobe Myriad Condensed; and the code font is LucasFont's TheSans Mono Condensed.

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Customer Reviews

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oreillyPHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition

4.8

(based on 4 reviews)

Reviewed by 4 customers

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Displaying reviews 1-4

4/24/2008

(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)

5.0

Great way to improve your PHP!

By Leam

from Undisclosed

Comments about oreilly PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition:

Each recipe states a Problem, gives a Solution, adds Discussion to help you understand the "why" behind the "what", and tosses in a See Also section if you need more info. There are 26 chapters of problem-solving recipes that will not only get you over the current hurdle but provide for learning in quick bits. Take a couple minutes, try something that interests you, and add it to your toolbox.

Awesome book!

5/14/2007

(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)

4.0

Must have for all PHP programmers.

By Anonymous

from Undisclosed

Comments about oreilly PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition:

I find most technical books impossible to read from front to back. I typically just use them as reference books. Unfortuanately most techbooks aren't organized with this in mind. That's why I love the cookbook series. They tend to contain far more example code then typical programming books and are ideal reference books. The PHP Cookbook is an excellent resouce for PHP novices and experts alike. PHP Cookbook (2nd Edition) is exactly what you would expect from a O'Reilly's cookbook. Everyone reguardless of skill level will feel they hit the jackpot with this book because it has tons of sample code and examples that explain how to do just about anything imaginable in PHP.

The chapters are organized according to topic and each subsection is basicly a short how-to comprised of a problem, solution and disscussion section that explains the solution in detail. Topics include XML, form handling, database interaction, session management and a lot more. I find all O'Reilly's cookbooks to be extremely useful and PHP Cookbook is ceartainly the most useful PHP book I own.

12/27/2006

(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)

5.0

A must have for PHP programmers

By Jason

from Undisclosed

Comments about oreilly PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition:

This is my first O'Reilly book in the "Cookbook" series. At first I thought this book would probably contain the code and instructions for building a couple of web applications such as a shopping cart or a blog engine. This isn't that book. Rather it provides the reader with code snippets that can be used as building blocks for all kinds of applications. If I had to describe this book in one sentence I would say it is as if the author took down all the "Hmm,, I wonder how that is done?" questions and created an answer key.

One thing I like about this book is that the authors don't waste the first few chapters trying to teach or give an overview of the language. Instead they hop right into the usage of the language that relates to real world stuff.

So here is a brief overview. The book covers PHP 5 and goes over many of the new and improved features. The first six chapters provide recipes for more basic subjects (strings, numbers, dates & times, arrays, variables, and functions. Again, this isn't an intro to PHP, that is another book such as Programming PHP from O'Reilly. This is that book you reach for once you have moved from PHP basics and are ready to build some real world stuff.

By chapter seven the authors are discussing classes and objects. I like using classes when coding in C++, so this is a good chapter for those who like OOP. The next nine chapters go over web stuff starting out with basic things like cookies, forms, and databases. Then the authors go into more advanced areas like session management, XML, automation and web services (REST, SOAP, Mail, FTP, LDAP, and DNS to name a few).

The next chapter [17] is on the topic of graphics. This is a cool chapter if you like to create dynamic images. Things like creating a button image on the fly, or generating charts. Graphics are great to have a knowledge of because everyone likes graphical presentation of data and this chapter can help you get there.

Chapter 18 is on security and encryption which I found rather helpful. No one wants there web application to be the link that allows data to be compromised, and this chapter deals with many of those problem areas. Chapter 19 covers localization, chapter 20 is on debugging and testing. The debugging section does a great job of getting a person setup with the tools they need to properly debug an application including creating your own exception class. This is an outstanding chapter that every programmer can appreciate since every application needs debugging.

The remaining chapters cover performance tuning, regular expressions, files, directories, command line PHP, PERL and PECL. Being a Perl guy I found it interesting to see how the authors utilized regular expressions in PHP. And the chapter on command-line PHP was outstanding; I thought the recipe for creating a PHP command shell was pretty cool.

CONCLUSION

--

This book is like having the answer key to most of the random questions a person comes up with when writing code. I found this book to be very useful, it will be one of those references that I keep close, and gets very little shelf time. It is a solid book. It is hard to say what parts I liked best because this is one of those books that you like and must have, but then as time goes on and you use it more and more its value grows. This is an excellent book and I would strongly recommend it the PHP users that want to move to the next level.

9/2/2006

(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)

5.0

marvellous book

By Nimasdj

from Undisclosed

Comments about oreilly PHP Cookbook, 2nd Edition:

I had a basic knowledge of php but after finding this book I got a better knowledge of php. You don't need to know php before reading this book. This book is defintely good for both beginners and professionals. This book works both as teach book and as reference book. definitely recommended for everybody who want to learn or work with php programming. I appreciate the time the authors put to write this great book. I look forward to see more books from authors.

Displaying reviews 1-4

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Chapter 1 Strings

Introduction

Accessing Substrings

Extracting Substrings

Replacing Substrings

Processing a String One Byte at a Time

Reversing a String by Word or Byte

Expanding and Compressing Tabs

Controlling Case

Interpolating Functions and Expressions Within Strings

Trimming Blanks from a String

Generating Comma-Separated Data

Parsing Comma-Separated Data

Generating Fixed-Width Field Data Records

Parsing Fixed-Width Field Data Records

Taking Strings Apart

Wrapping Text at a Certain Line Length

Storing Binary Data in Strings

Program: Downloadable CSV File

Chapter 2 Numbers

Introduction

Checking Whether a Variable Contains a Valid Number

Comparing Floating-Point Numbers

Rounding Floating-Point Numbers

Operating on a Series of Integers

Generating Random Numbers Within a Range

Generating Biased Random Numbers

Taking Logarithms

Calculating Exponents

Formatting Numbers

Formatting Monetary Values

Printing Correct Plurals

Calculating Trigonometric Functions

Doing Trigonometry in Degrees, Not Radians

Handling Very Large or Very Small Numbers

Converting Between Bases

Calculating Using Numbers in Bases Other Than Decimal

Finding the Distance Between Two Places

Chapter 3 Dates and Times

Introduction

Finding the Current Date and Time

Converting Time and Date Parts to an Epoch Timestamp

Converting an Epoch Timestamp to Time and Date Parts

Printing a Date or Time in a Specified Format

Finding the Difference of Two Dates

Finding the Difference of Two Dates with Julian Days

Finding the Day in a Week, Month, or Year

Validating a Date

Parsing Dates and Times from Strings

Adding to or Subtracting from a Date

Calculating Time with Time Zones

Accounting for Daylight Savings Time

Generating a High-Precision Time

Generating Time Ranges

Using Non-Gregorian Calendars

Using Dates Outside the Range of an Epoch Timestamp

Program: Calendar

Chapter 4 Arrays

Introduction

Specifying an Array Not Beginning at Element 0

Storing Multiple Elements Per Key in an Array

Initializing an Array to a Range of Integers

Iterating Through an Array

Deleting Elements from an Array

Changing Array Size

Appending One Array to Another

Turning an Array into a String

Printing an Array with Commas

Checking if a Key Is in an Array

Checking if an Element Is in an Array

Finding the Position of a Value in an Array

Finding Elements That Pass a Certain Test

Finding the Largest or Smallest Valued Element in an Array

Reversing an Array

Sorting an Array

Sorting an Array by a Computable Field

Sorting Multiple Arrays

Sorting an Array Using a Method Instead of a Function

Randomizing an Array

Removing Duplicate Elements from an Array